Over the past few decades, the archaeological and historical studies carried out around the Mediterranean have taken environmental dynamics and physical data more and more into account. Because they are extremely sensitive to the slightest climatic changes and to the impact of the civilizations that settled the area very early in history, the Mediterranean landscapes are very fragile. This collection of essays proposes to examine their physical evolution and the human dynamics on the fringes of the Mediterranean Sea as well as on other comparable latitudes or continents, thus providing a general overview of the state of recent studies from an interdisciplinary point of view, whether it be paleo-environmental or geo-archaeological studies, in order to compare the present dynamics with the historical and Holocene inheritance.