"If there is no humanity without language, nor can there be a society without parenthood. But what does

it mean to be a parent?" This question from Claude Levi-Strauss is at the heart of this international and

multidisciplinary study analysing the impact of biomedicine on the legal recognition of family ties. As a

result of the heady advances in new biomedical practices, a number of questions concerning parenthood

needs to be addressed. Who will be the legal father and mother of a child when infertile men and women

are able to procreate? Will the child still have two parents of different sexes, or could she sometimes

have three, or even four?

What about the emergence of the concept of parenting and of the role of DNA testing in determining

parentage?

Legal experts, philosophers and sociologists from seventeen countries each with different cultural

backgrounds, debated these, and other, issues during the fifth workshop of the Réseau Universitaire

International de Bioéthique (International Academic Network on Bioethics). Informed by these debates,

the articles brought together in this book explore the extent to which new biomedical practices have

revolutionised access to parenthood in these countries. There can be no doubt that because this topic

touches on sexuality, the body and reproduction - each a different concept in different cultures - one

conclusion stands out: although the life sciences have now succeeded in controlling the creation of life,

the effects of biomedicine on the legal structure of the family differ considerably from one country to

another. A harmonisation between the various systems studied would be most welcome.